Flower in the Caprifoliaceae Family With Three Petals
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CAPRIFOLIACEAE
(honeysuckle family unit)
This family of shrubs and twining lianas (and one genus of perennial herb) is found in mid-latitude temperate climates- North as far as Canada/ Southern Russia and Due south to Mexico, Northern Africa, and Central China.
The Caprifoliaceae contain the "CAP" in the "MADCAPHORSE" memory trick for woody plants with Opposite leaves. In general, flowers in this family are "PERFECT" (bisexual), EPIGYNOUS (inferior ovary), v-MEROUS, have small sepals, and a gynoecium of two-eight fused carpels (SYNCARPOUS).
From there, the family splits broadly into ii groups: (1) those with ENTIRE leaf margins and irregular, BILABIATE corollas in few-flowered AXILLARY clusters that produce BERRIES (e.g. Lonicera, Diervilla) and (2) those with TOOTHED leaf margins and REGULAR corollas in terminal many-flowered cymes that produce DRUPES (eastward.one thousand.Viburnum, Sambucus). Many members of this family unit possess nectaries at the base of their flowers to attract pollinators. In addition, the flowers often emit a sweet heavy smell.
THE GOOD, THE BAD, and the SHRUBBY:
Although this family unit boasts some fine native woodland shrubs, including snowberry and coral berry (Symphoricarpos spp.), nannyberry (Viburnum lentago), blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium), arrow-wood (Viburnum dentatum), and elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), it likewise contains 2 of the top 10 invasive plants listed on the ODNR'southward website (Top 10 Ohio Invasives).
(1) VIBURNUM
Viburnum prunifolium in flower in May. Mouse over to run across the developing fruit. What type of fruit is that again?
Modest, fused sepals are characteristic of the family Caprifoliaceae.
Tin you see the 5 sepal lobes and the glandular peduncle?
Viburnum acerifolium in flower in May. This squat woodland shrub has fuzzy maple-shaped leaves (as its name suggests). Sentry out for its widespread obnoxious look-akin, high-bush-league cranberry (Viburnum opulus), which has glabrous leaves with shorter, more spreading lateral lobes.
Viburnum dentatum in flower in May. Mouse over to run into the immature fruits 1 calendar month afterwards.
(2) LONICERA
Enemy #1: Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle). This highly successful shrub leafs out before than its competitors and puts pairs of carmine berries similar they are going out of style (mouse over to see the fruit). Leaves are longer, less hairy when mature, and more attenuate at the tips than L. morrowii.
A second bush-league honeysuckle, L. tatarica, is similar to L. morrowii, but the flowers are pinkish instead of white, becoming yellow with age. The Lonicera hybridize readily, so the boundaries between similar species are sometimes unclear. Similar L. maackii grows in open up woodlands and riparian habitat.
50. japonica is similar to the bush-league honeysuckles in flower, simply not in growth habit. This twining vine competes with poisonous substance ivy for control of the forest flooring in Southern Ohio. Has waxy leaves that appear most evergreen, and margins may be unabridged or lobed like a white oak.
Fifty. reticulata, or grape honeysuckle, has distinctive perfioliate connate leafage zipper.
There are fewer records of this liana in Ohio and Michigan;
it seems to exist more than common in Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois.
OTHERS
The Caprifoliaceae contain two other noteable genera: Triosteum and Sambucus.
Triosteum perfoliatum is 1 of three Ohio species of this herby genus. All are upland dioecious perennials.
Sambucus canadensis with flower and developing fruits in separate cymes on the same plant.
Sambucus, aka elderberry, is a pocket-size tree that grows in thickets in wet forest openings. What makes information technology and then different from other genera in this family? Why have a closer expect and you will discover that it has chemical compound leaves, with shiny serrate leaflets and purple petioles!
The abundant purplish-black fruit that ripens in August is biting to the tastebuds and anthocyanic to your fingers. Yet, it is unremarkably Gratis in rural areas!
How to Harvest Elderberries:
- Locate your intended prey (make sure it'south not on park/protected lands) and wait patiently until belatedly summer. If y'all pick them too early, they will taste even worse than when they are ripe. Recollect, the birds are less picky than nosotros are; they will begin helping themselves when the berries are barely royal!
- Equip yourself with rubber boots, a 5-gallon bucket or several peck baskets, a pair of scissors, and some bug spray (optional).
- Cut the entire cyme of ripe fruit off the tree and place in bucket. Repeat.
- Place entire bucket in the freezer for a few hours to kill bugs (yes, Hemiptera are particularly fond of the berries) and to make them easier to shuck.
- Shuck the berries from the stems exterior, over a sheet, or in the garage, every bit they will stain whatever they come in contact with. Over a clean bucket or large bowl, hold the peduncle in 1 manus and pull the berries from the stems with the other. Discard stems.
- That nice full 5-gallon bucket plus 1 hour of shucking will yield approximately 2 quarts of berries. A lot of work for picayune reward.
- Plow the berries into a crunchy (lots of pocket-size seeds) fruit pie or strain the juice off for jelly. For all-time results, ferment into wine or brandy!
Like many "edible" plants, elder is not without defense against herbivores. The berries incorporate small amounts of cardiac glycosides, a family of secondary plant metabolites that tin can cause cardiac arrest if eaten raw in large quantities.
Taxonomy Alert: Viburnum and Sambucus are sometimes placed in a different family, the Adoxaceae, considering they lack nectaries at base of their corollas, the fruit is a berry with 1-five small stones, their corollas are short styled, they have large chromosomes, and they produce small reticulate pollen grains.
Source: https://ohioplants.org/families-caprifoliaceae/
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